Kalanchoe daigremontiana aka Mother of Millions; Mother of Thousands

I love unusual houseplants, particularly if they are easy to grow.  Mother of Millions meets those criteria quite well.  That's why I put up with the mess of her million babies.

Mother of Millions is a succulent with very large, blue-green leaves on a large single stem.  The leaves are narrow and pointed and grow 6 - 7 inches long and 3 or more inches wide.  As the plant grows, it develops tiny rosette like plantlets along the edges of the leaves.  These rosettes fall off (thus the messiness) and will root very easily if they drop into a little bit of planting medium and moisture.

This plant is most commonly grown as a houseplant, however, it will thrive outside in warm climates where the temperature doesn't drop below 40 degrees or so.  It is not a desirable outdoor plant because each of those million "babies" have a tendency to take root and it can become very invasive.  Grown in a container, it is much easier to contain all those "babies".

Kalanchoe daigremontiana is very easy to grow in average indoor conditions.  Like most succulents, it does not appreciate soggy soil.  It is best potted in a porous container with good drainage holes.  I have the best luck using a sandy potting soil specially blended for cactus and succulents.  Water only when the top inch or so of the potting medium is dry to touch.

Kalanchoe daigremontiana is not a heavy feeder.  I add half strength 10-10-10 fertilizer to the water about once a month in summer months and once or twice over the winter months.

Bright light is essential to keep the plant doing its best.  In the winter, I keep the plant in the east bay window where it gets bright morning sunlight and bright indirect light in the afternoon.  I move almost all my houseplants outdoors during the summer months and this one goes out as soon as I don't have to worry about night time temperatures falling below 40 degrees (that's about as long as I want to tolerate her dropping "babies".)  They need to be acclimated to the outdoors gradually, so initially I place them in a very shaded location and then over time move them to their summer home where they get direct morning sunlight and partial shade in the afternoon.

Mother of Millions rarely blooms indoors.  In fact, I've seen several sources claim that they never bloom indoors and that the flowers are "insignificant".  This winter, my plant proved that never never applies and "insignificant" is most certainly a matter of opinion.  She has been blooming her heart out for the past six weeks.  The pale lavender blooms with bright yellow centers hang on the stems like bells.  The tall, majestic stem with those delicate bells makes a very striking statement.

Sadly, the "mother" will die after flowering but the surface of the container is already thick with nicely rooted babies.  Come spring, I'll transplant some of them to smaller containers, move them outdoors when conditions are right, and hope for another striking display of blossoms again next winter.

Apple Trees and Strawberries

After a few weeks in the extreme deep freeze, our famed "January thaw" arrived a couple days ago.  When I left work yesterday afternoon, the thermometer on my car said 39 degrees - ABOVE zero.  Today, it was 41 degrees when I went out for lunch.  I went back into the office in my shirt sleeves.

Even though I know it is a short term warm-up and winter will return with a vengeance a few more times before gardening season really starts, I couldn't help but start the process of ordering plants for spring.  Now, that really isn't as crazy as it sounds.  The nurseries have a finite amount of stock and they fill orders on a first come first serve basis, so I learned long ago that to be sure to get the stock I really want, I need to order sooner rather than later.  The nurseries are all gracious enough to hold my orders until the exact week in May that I ask them to ship, so I don't have to worry about getting things while the ground is still frozen solid.  So, I started shopping.

My first stop was the website for St. Lawrence Nursery in Potsdam, New York.  I need a couple more apple trees and some juneberries to plant along the west side of the new barn that will appear in the "west pasture" next spring.  (It's not really a pasture, but hey, I'm a farm girl at heart and I can dream).  The first thing I noticed on St. Lawrence's website made me very sad.  Right up front in big bold letters:   "2015 is Retirement Year".  Oh, no!  Now, I don't begrudge them retirement - they've been working very hard for a very long time.  But, I am going to really miss their wonderful, hardy, healthy fruit and nut trees.  Everything is shipped bare root, but I have never received a tree from them that didn't grow.   I haven't ordered thousands of things from them, but I have ordered a good number of apple, pear, apricot, cherry, mulberry, elderberry, juneberry, gooseberry, currant, and hazelburt trees, as well as grape vines,  and they are all thriving.  St. Lawrence Nursery sells only stock that is bred specifically to withstand the harsh winters we have in zones 4 and 3.  Given that this is my last chance to order, I did it up right.  I'll be busy digging tree holes come May.

I already have seven different varieties of apples.  I decided that,since this was my "last chance" order from St. Lawrence, I was going to add all my "I might need that some day" varieties to the orchard.  I ordered Dakota Gold, Hazen, State Fair, and Zestar apples.  

Dakota Gold apple (internet photo)

Dakota Gold is an extremely hardy apple that was developed by North Dakota State University, specifically to stand our erratic northern winters.  The peel of Dakota Gold is, as you would expect with a name like that, yellow.  The fruit is large sized and is good for eating fresh as well as cooking and baking.  Unlike many apple trees, Dakota Gold bears every year and is tolerant to fireblight, the bacterial scourge of orchards everywhere.   Dakota Gold ripens earlier than some others and also keeps well in storage so I will be able to enjoy my fruit well into winter. I've had a Dakota Gold tree for several years.  Unfortunately, just as it was about to begin bearing fruit (generally when the tree is about five years old), a huge branch of the plum tree that collapsed under the weight of the snow in the October 2013 blizzard, landed on my Dakota Gold tree and snapped it in two. So, I'll be starting over with this one.

Hazen apple (internet photo)

Hazen is a new variety for me.  This is another extremely hardy tree that produces nice sized red apples ready for picking in early to mid-September.  Hazen is a good eating apple, but the real reason I want this tree is that the apples are so juicy you can't keep the juice from running down your chin when you take a big bite.  Now, I don't much care about having a messy chin but I do love apple juice.  My dear husband bought me a sausage stuffer aka cider press for Christmas this year.  Since Hazen produces a good crop of fruit on young trees, generally within about three years of planting, I am looking forward to home pressed cider.  Another neat thing about this apple?  It was developed at North Dakota State University by a man named Hazen, but it was named after my hometown of Hazen, North Dakota.

State Fair apple (internet photo)

State Fair produces bright red apples that ripen uniformly throughout the tree early in the fall.  They flesh of the apple is a nice white and is very crisp.  State Fair apples are delicious for eating fresh and are also a good apple for juicing.  They aren't the best keeper, but because their crispness makes for such great fresh eating, this is a popular seller at fruit stands and farmers markets.

Zestar apple (internet photo)

Zestar was developed by crossing State Fair with Frostbite, another extremely hardy apple variety.  Zestar is a green apple, blushed with red.  It is another early season ripener, which is a nice feature in the uncertainty of autumn temperatures in our zone.  Zestar was bred in Minnesota and produces a crisp and juicy apple that can be harvested as early as late summer and still be nice and sweet.  Zestar produces huge crops once the tree is mature and the apples store for several weeks in a cool, dry storage area.


My next shopping excursion was to Nourse Berry Farm.  Thankfully, no nasty retirement surprises when I went there.  Nourse Berry Farm is located in Massachusetts and they have the nicest selection of wonderfully, healthy berry plants.  This year, my particular quest was for strawberries, but in the past, I've ordered strawberries, blackberries, lingonberries, and raspberries from them.  They give a wonderful description of the characteristics of each of the different kinds of berries, so it makes it easy to choose which variety will best meet your needs.  The third week in May, 125 strawberry plants in five different varieties will arrive for planting in the new strawberry bed.

I ordered two varieities of June bearing strawberries and three of day neutral or everbearing berries.  June bearing varieties bloom one time and produce a heavy crop within the early months of summer.  Day Neutral usually begin producing a bit later and then produce right through frost.  June bearing plants tend to have more foliage than day neutral because so much of the day neutral's energy goes into producing fruit.  A June-bearing strawberry plant will produce abundant crops for four to five growing seasons, while everbearing varieties generally have two good production years before the plants need to be replaced.

Annapolis is an early season June-bearing variety.  It is a large size berry that maintains its size throughout the bearing season, unlike many June-bearing where the berries become smaller as the season progresses.  The berries are firm with good flavor and freeze well.

Right on the tails of Annapolis' bearing season, I should be able to start picking the next June-bearing variety, Honeoye.  This is a mid-early season bearer of large, sweet, firm berries.  This is one of the best June-bearing varieties for freezing.  Honeoye has been around for over 20 years and is still as much a favorite of home berry producers as when it was first introduced.

Albion strawberry (internet photo)

About the time the June-bearers are winding up, the everbearing should be ready to pick.
Albion is a very large strawberry that is more conical in shape than round.  It has a very firm, crisp texture and produces abundantly throughout the season, as long as it has sufficient water and nutrition.  Albion is one of the best tasting ever-bearers and freezes well.

Mara des Bois is another great ever-bearing variety.  While the berry size of the Mara's is small to medium, when you bite into the berry, it is like an explosion of flavor in your mouth.  If you walk thtough my yard and think you smell strawberries, it is probably the Mara des Bois that you are smelling.  In addition to its wonderful flavor, this variety is great for freezing and makes absolutely wonderful jams.

Seascape is my final selection for the new strawberry bed.  They begin to produce a bit later than some of the other ever-bearings, but they produce right through light frosts.  In my old bed, it wasn't uncommon for me to be picking the Seascapes in mid October.  This plant produces large berries that have a firm texture, good flavor and freeze well.

Oh.  Nourse Berry Farms also sells the Jersey varieties of asparagus.  The Jersey varieties are very hardy, all male plants that produce abundant crops of thick, tasty asparagus stalks.  I'm a firm believer that one can never have too much asparagus, so I ordered another 25 Jersey Knight roots.

Yup.  It will be another busy spring.

Seascape strawberry (internet photo)

Mangave "Bloodspot"

Mangave is a relatively new find in the succulent world.  It is thought to be a hybrid of Agave macroacantha and Manfreda maculosa.  It forms rosettes that average about 12 inches tall and 15 inches wide. Leaves are about 1 inch wide and 8 inches long.  They are gray-green with small teeth along margin. Don't let the word "small" fool you, though.  Those teeth can pack a mighty bite if you get too close to them.  

The leaves are speckled with maroon spots,  which gives "Bloodspot" its name.  The leaf margins may also show some maroon tinting, especially if the plant is kept in full, bright, direct sunlight.

Mature mangaves may send up a flower stalk that can reach as tall as 6 feet.  The stalk displays lime green flowers.  Since this plant has only been in wide distribution for about six years, some of its characteristics aren't well known yet.  Plants of the agave family generally will die after flowering.  Manfreda family, also known as Texas Tuberose or Spice lily, can flower repeatedly without harming the parent plant.  It's unknown yet which of its parents the Mangave will take after when it comes to flowering.

Mangave is only cold hardy to zone 8, so here in our zone 4 winters, my Mangave needs to live indoors from about September through May.  Fortunately, it is a slow-growing plant that tends to stay in its compact rosette, without sending out new pups or suckers, so it is well-suited to container gardening.

The secret of successfully growing almost all varieties of succulents and cacti is to provide adequate light, keep them in locations where the temperatures don't drop below their hardiness level, and do not over water.  My Mangave seems to be thriving in the east facing bay window of the living room where the temperature is about 72 degrees during the day and about 68 degrees at night.  I water it every couple weeks, when the top inch or so of soil is dry.  It is planted in well-draining succulent potting mix so the water drains freely from the drainage holes after watering.  I empty the drip saucer about an hour or so after watering so the roots aren't standing in any water.  

This treatment seems to be keeping my Mangave healthy through the long, dark days of winter in North Dakota.

Flapjack Plants - Kalanchoe thyrsiflora

Flapjack plant (Kalanchoe thyrsiflora)  (Wiese Acres photo)

One of my favorite succulents is my flapjack plant.  It's also known as paddle plant or dog tongue plant.  All three of these common names are pretty descriptive of Kalanchoe thyrsiflora.  I prefer Flapjack plant because to me it looks most like a stack of flapjacks, with its large, thick, round leaves that are stacked in layers up the length of the stem.

 A mature flapjack plant can grow to heights of up to 2 feet tall and the individual leaves can grow as large as six inches in diameter.   It is hardy outdoors in zone 9 and higher, but here in our zone 4 (which, by the way, is feeling much more like zone 3 with these ridiculous below zero temps in mid-November), flapjacks need to be overwintered indoors.  I move my flapjacks into the garage when the outside nighttime temperatures start dropping into the 40's.  I leave them in the garage for a few days to check for hitchhiking insects, then give them a good strong spray with the garden hose to knock off any pests that I see and even some that are lurking in places where I might not see them.

Flapjacks are generally pretty pest resistant, but may be susceptible to aphids, mealy bugs, and scale insects.  Aphids are recognized by "honeydew", the sticky secretions they leave on the foliage.  Mealy bugs look like miniature cotton balls clinging to the leaves and stems.  Scales look like brown dots lurking on the undersides of the leaves and on the stems, especially where the leaves attach to the stems.  Aphids can generally be knocked off with a sharp spray of water.  Mealy bugs are best removed with a cotton ball soaked with 70% rubbing alcohol.  Scales generally need to be scraped off with a fingernail or a sharp knife edge.

Once I know they are pest free, I bring the flapjacks indoors and set them in a south or west facing window.  Flapjacks do best in bright, direct sunlight.  They may tolerate a little shade, but really need several hours of bright sun to do their best.  

Flapjacks also do their best in locations where the daytime temperatures are around 65 to 70 degrees with slightly cooler night time temperatures.  Since this is in the general range where most of us like our home temperatures to be, flapjacks generally adapt quite easily to their time indoors.

Like most succulents, flapjacks do not like wet feet.  I water them only when the top couple inches of the soil are dry.  Overwatering will lead to root and stem rot and the death of the plant.  

Rose colored edges of flapjack plant (Wiese Acres photo)

Flapjacks are not heavy feeders, doing very well on three to four light feedings a year.  Growth is very slow in the winter, so I don't fertilize them at all while they are indoors.  In early April, I will give them a dose of half strength 10-10-10 fertilizer to give them a head start for the summer.  Then, when temperatures are staying above 45 degrees day and night, I'll move them back outside to the bright sunshine.  That bright sunshine is what will give the edges of the leaves back their rosy hue that slowly fades away over the winter.

Mature flapjacks will send up a tall, leafy flower stalk after their third or fourth year of growth.  The stalk  will have small, dense clusters of yellowish-green flowers.  The foliage of a flapjack is really more dramatic than the flowers.  Sadly, the mother flapjack gives her all in sending out the flower stalk.  Once the flower stalk dies, the mother plant will also die.  Flapjacks develop small plants as offsets, and these can be planted to keep the flapjack plant alive after the mother plant has died.  

Flapjacks can also be propagated vegetatively, either by leaf or stem cuttings.  To propagate with a leaf cutting, take a sharp, sterilized knife and cut a leaf off right where it attaches to the stem.  Set the leaf aside for a week or so to allow a callous to form on the cut edge, then stick the cut edge in a container of moist sand.  Place the container in bright, indirect light and keep the soil moist but not overly wet.  When the leaf develops roots, move the container into bright sunlight and care for it as the original plant.

Stem cuttings are generally best taken while the plant is semi-dormant between late fall and early spring.  Take a three to five inch stem from the mature plant and remove the lower leaves.  Plant the stem up to the remaining leaves in a pot of moistened sand.  Place the pot in bright, indirect light and mist lightly as needed to keep the soil slightly moist until roots develop.  Once rooted, move the stem cutting into bright direct light and continue to provide mature flapjack care for it.

With a little bit of TLC, flapjacks will provide enjoyment and dramatic foliage, both summer and winter.

Flapjack plant (Wiese Acres photo)

Overwintering Tender Succulents

Succulent garden in summer

I fell in love with succulents a while back.  They come in such a variety of shapes, colors and sizes.  They are very low maintenance, and with proper care, they can live for many, many years.  You can't beat a deal like that.  I even built a raised bed and filled it with very sandy loam so that I could keep Hens and Chick alive.  They don't like our heavy clay soil, so after about the 4th time Mom gave me "chicks" from her patch, only to find them dead the next spring, I decided to take action.  They love that sandy loam and bloom heartily and produce many chicks each year.

 That challenge mastered, I decided I needed yet more succulents.  Well, other than many sedums and the native pasture cacti (from which I have already picked enough  stickers out of my feet and hands and have no need to grow them in my garden, thank you very much), there aren't a lot of succulents hardy enough to survive our winters.  So, I created movable gardens - they move outside in the spring and inside in the late fall.

The tricks to overwintering them successfully indoors are really the same as growing succulents anywhere, anytime - don't over or under water them; fertilize as needed; and give them the right amount of light and warmth.

Succulents need a good deep watering about once a week while they are actively growing.  While they are in dormancy, they should be watered when the soil is dry to the touch.  For the containers I store in the cool garage, that means about once a month.  For those in the warmer house or garden house, it means once every week or two.

I begin preparing the succulents for the winter in late summer to mid-fall.  I feed the succulents half strength all purpose fertilizer (10-10-10) every couple weeks during their active growing season.  I give them one last feeding about the last week of August, just before they begin to respond to the cooler nights and shorter days by going into dormancy.

My hardier tender succulents spend the winter in the garage, which is maintained at about 50 degrees.  Succulents will survive on just three to four hours of indirect light while they are dormant, so they are perfectly happy setting in front of one of the garage windows.  A word to the wise about garage overwintering in North Dakota - you do need to set your succulents far enough away from the big overhead doors so they don't get that blast of frigid air every time you drive your car in and out.  I have mine set behind some storage cabinets that separate the car parking area from the storage area.  Any kind of a screen will be effective, though, as long as you don't leave that door open too long.

When I water the dormant succulents, I add water until it starts to drain from the drainage holes in the pot.  It is important that you water them deeply, but far less often, in the winter.  I use rain water that I've saved and stored over the winter, but you can also use de-chlorinated tap water.  Simply fill an open container with tap water and let it set overnight before using it.

Each time I water, I check the succulents carefully for any signs of bugs or rotting stems.  Rotting stems is an indication that the plant is too cold or too wet.  Trim the bad stems off;  reduce the watering; and check the temperature to make sure it isn't getting below 50 degrees.

The most common insect pests are aphids or mealy bugs.  Aphids are known by the "honeydew" they leave on the plant stems and leaves.  Mealy bugs look like little white cotton balls, found mainly in the stem junctures and under the leaves.  If you see signs of either of these, you can wipe the foliage with a cotton ball or rag soaked in 70% rubbing alcohol wherever the infestation is evident.  An easier way to accomplish the same thing and even get rid of those pests who are lurking where you can't see them, is to fill a spray bottle with three parts 70% rubbing alcohol and one part water and spray the entire plant with the mixture.

Infested plants should be separated from healthy plants to control the spread of the insects.  I believe in prevention, so I will generally give a good spray to even those plants which aren't currently showing active signs of insects - mealy bugs especially like to hide where you don't notice them until they've become pretty pervasive.  Then, I check all the plants weekly and repeat the treatment as needed.

As the days being to lengthen, generally in about mid-March to early April, I start to prepare the overwintered succulents for the move outside once the temperature remains 50 degrees or above.  I place them under grow lights, for increasing hours each day, until I get them from the three to four hours per day to which they've become accustomed, to the twelve to fourteen hours they'll receive once they are back outside for the summer months.  If you don't have grow lights, you can accomplish the same conditioning by moving them to a sunnier spot and the increasing day length will take care of itself.  Just be careful not to move them into too much too soon, whether that is warmth or direct sunlight.  They will be pretty tender after spending so much time in the darkness of winter.

Next week, I'll begin talking about the various types of succulents that I've found to do well in containers.

Warm Dry Autumn Days Might Equal Stressed Plants

Autumn at Wiese Acres

Last year, we had our first snow storm on October 4.  This year, it is October 25 and we are outside in our short sleeves.  High temperatures during the day have been in the 70's and even up into the 80's.  That's good for us.  Unfortunately, it can be pretty stressful for the trees, shrubs, and perennials, especially when those warm temperatures are accompanied by low humidity and no rain.

Any non-dormant plants, especially trees and shrubs, should be kept well watered going into winter.  Usually, cooler October temperatures mean that if you gave them a good soaking, either with rain or irrigation in mid to late September, they will be ok for the winter.  Not this year, though.  They will need additional water until they are fully dormant, or air and soil temperatures are below 40 degrees.  Watering should be done early enough in the day so that it has time to soak in thoroughly before temperatures drop below freezing at night.

Newly planted trees are most susceptible to winter drought injury. Trees can take several years of growth to establish a good, deep root system.  The larger the tree when it is transplanted, generally the longer it takes to become well established.  A general rule of thumb is one year per inch of trunk diameter.  Most shrubs and perennials can be considered well established after one full year of growth.

It is especially important to assure that evergreen trees and shrubs are very well hydrated going into winter.  They are very prone to dehydration in the harsh, drying winds of winter.  The more moisture in the needles going into winter, the better they do.  

A good thorough watering for trees means that water is allowed to soak into the soil slowly to a depth of about 12 inches. When watering trees, water should be applied throughout the drip line area of the tree, that is, wherever the tree casts a shadow when the sun is directly overheard.  The larger the tree, the more water will be required.  A good guideline is to apply ten gallons of water for every inch of trunk diameter, so if your tree's trunk is 3 inches around at a level approximately six inches above the ground, it will need 30 gallons of water at each watering. 

Newly planted shrubs should be given 5 gallons of water twice a  month until the ground freezes. Small established shrubs, those 3 feet tall or smaller, need 5 gallons of water monthly. Larger established shrubs should be given about 20 gallons on a monthly basis. Shrubs should also be water within the dripline of the shrub and around the base of the shrub.

Herbaceous perennials usually are well established by the end of a growing season. Bare root plants take longer to establish than container plants and late fall transplants take longer to establish than spring plantings. Fall planted perennials, bare root plants, and perennials located in windy or southwest exposures should receive one-half to one inch of water whenever the first one to two inches of soil feels dry, until the ground freezes.

And, finally, the lawn grass is still green and growing.  Lawn grass needs continued watering until it goes dormant for the winter.  Grass should also be cut a bit shorter for its last cutting of the season to keep the longer blades from being matted by the heavy snows of winter, which can cause diseases and mold.

Sooner or later, cold and snow will arrive.  For now, though, it's pretty wonderful to walk outside and enjoy greenery and warm sun, even if it does mean a little more garden work for the season.

The End of Another Growing Season

Once again, the bittersweet time of year arrives.  I hate to see the beautiful flowers go to bed for the winter and no longer have the selection of fresh picked fruits and vegetables to put on the dinner table.  On the other hand, it is nice to look forward to more relaxing days and evenings.

I realized this summer that blogging really does need to be a winter time activity for me.  There just isn't enough time in the day to work on it in the summer.  Plus, I must admit, that blogging requires me to be inside at my computer and being inside while the weather is nice is simply not something I can do very easily.

I also noticed that I work a lot slower than I used too.  :(  Part of the reason for that this year was because of a foot injury that caused me more than a little bit of misery this summer.  I am currently recovering from bone and tendon reconstruction surgery in that foot and am looking forward to a much better season in 2015.

We did construct a new pond this summer to replace the one damaged in last year's freak October blizzard and planted nearly 50 trees to replace those destroyed in that storm, as well as adding a row between us and the highway which has become a major traffic artery to the Bakken oil field.  We also began construction on my long-awaited barn.  It's been busy!

I'm sharing a few photos from this year at Wiese Acres.  Because of the pyridine poisoning in the sheep manure we placed on the vegetable garden, that was not as fruitful this year, but where the soil was good, the crops were phenomenal.  The perennial gardens were spectacular because of cool temperatures and ample moisture.

We also added some new members to the animal kingdom of Wiese Acres.  The last week in June, Callie, a very pregnant calico female cat arrived and took up residence in our garden shed.  On July 2, she blessed us with four cute as a button, healthy kittens.  I am angry that someone is mean and thoughtless enough to abandon an animal of any kind, but especially a pregnant one.  Unfortunately, we find abandoned animals frequently because we live so close to a main roadway.  We always try to find them a good home and hope that someday the ignorant person(s) who dump them learn a life lesson about caring for animals.  Callie, along with Boots, Mittens, Traveler, and Squeaks, have become a part of our family, but not every abandoned animal is that lucky.  We have a number of cats and dogs in our pet cemetery who didn't survive being dumped along the busy highway.

But, on a happier note, here is a mini tour through Wiese Acres 2014.

The new pond

The pergola and new planting area around the pond

Moonshine yarrow, lilies, and baptisia

Hostas, Lady in Red Fern, Ligularia, and Cranesbill

Screening the air conditioner unit

The firepit area in the Sun, Moon, and Stars garden

Callie and her babies

Boots is quite the little poser

The purple is "grafitti" cauliflower - my favorite cauliflower for looks and taste

Pyridine Contaminated Compost - A Tough Lesson

Last fall I was so excited to find a source of composted sheep manure nearby.  Raising sheep is becoming a rarity in our part of North Dakota and so, therefore, is sheep manure.  Sheep manure is my compost of choice because when a sheep ingests weed seeds, their digestive tract renders those seeds sterile before they pass through.  You can safely use composted sheep manure without worrying about an infestation of new weeds.  They, cannot, however, render herbicides harmless.

Potato leaf curling from moderate herbicide poisoning

And, thus begins the story of the alien plants in my garden this year.  My soil was absolutely beautiful this year when I went to plant.  All that compost made it loose, rich, and black.  I was looking forward to a great gardening season.  In spite of cool, dry weather, my potatoes, peas, carrots, beets, and beans quickly sprouted.  Then, a few weeks later, I started to notice that my potatoes were looking a little bizarre.  Instead of nice healthy green leaves, they started to show curling edges on the leaves.  Then, the peas started to look sickly and dried up. Some potatoes that I planted a little later for seed trials for our state agricultural university never did develop leaves.  They sprouted stalks with a "fiddlehead" on top of them.  The beans and some of the tomatoes began to look a little withered.

Fiddlehead growth on potato indicating more severe poisoning

Even more strangely, the damage was limited to the south end of the garden, and even there it was spotty.  Two rows of potatoes were affected and two were not.  The corn, carrots, cucumbers, squash, onions and cabbage on the north end of the garden were growing great guns.  I immediately thought of herbicide damage because the curling leaves and the fiddlehead growth are pretty characteristic of that.  Except that I haven't done any spraying and my vegetable garden is far enough away from anyone else's property that spray drift is highly unlikely.  It was a mystery!

Severely deformed potato plant from herbicide poisoning

So, I contacted our local Extension horticulturalist and he was able to confirm my worst fear:  the manure is definitely contaminated with pyridine herbicide.  Pyridine herbicides are used to control broadleaf weeds in pastures.  The active ingredients are aminopyralid, clopyralid, or picloram and the herbicides are marketed under the names Milestone, ForeFront, Confront, Redeem, Stinger, Imprelis, Grazon, Surmount, and Tordon.  They are widely used because they don't harm the grasses and are not absorbed by the grazing cattle.

The herbicide passes through the animal and is excreted unchanged in the urine, which mixes with the manure and contaminates it with the herbicide.  Composting does not destroy the herbicide and it can remain active in the manure for several years.  Farmers who use any of the pyridine herbicides are supposed to disclose that when selling hay or composted manure.  But, oftentimes, farmers buy hay from many sources, or if they harvest hay from the road ditches, they may not even know that the herbicide has been used on the hay or the pasture.  That was the situation with the farmer who furnished the composted manure to me.

I had asked if he used any herbicides on his sheep pasture when we made the deal for the manure and was assured he does not.  However, I've now found out that when they cleaned the corrals, they mixed horse manure in with the sheep manure, and the horses ate hay that had been baled from road ditches.  That's likely where the pyridine herbicide came from.

One possible reason that the damage in my garden is spotty is that the contaminated horse manure was not mixed in with the sheep manure, and so when we applied it to the garden, the contaminated manure was concentrated in certain parts of the pile.  It also appears that the worst damage is where we piled the composted manure on the garden before spreading it and tilling it in.  It makes sense that there is a higher concentration of the manure where the piles were dumped than in those areas that it was spread to.

Normal potato foliage

Anyway, I guess I won't be growing my own potatoes for sure, and time will tell what else will be affected and how badly.  The horticulturalist believes it is not a severe contamination, since it didn't kill things outright.  That's probably the good news.  The bad news is, that I don't know how much of my garden is really contaminated or how long it will take the herbicide to be rendered harmless.  And, I've learned a valuable lesson.

In the future, I know that before acquiring or using manure- fresh, aged, or composted- I need to be more diligent about getting the right answers to questions such as:
• What were the animals fed?
• If they were fed hay, what was the origin—on site or purchased?
• What, if any, herbicides were applied to the animal's feed and when?

Pyridine contamination can also happen when using contaminated hay as mulch in your gardens.  Pyridines are not to be used on lawn grasses anymore, but that doesn't mean they aren't, so using grass clippings for mulch or putting them in the compost bin if they come from sources where you don't know what might have been used to control broadleaf weeds is risky.  Grass clippings from golf courses are highly suspect because their turf is often sprayed heavily to control weeds.

Then, before spreading manure from any source of which I am unsure of herbicide use, I will do what's called a "pot bioassay".  I'll take samples of the manure from throughout the pile, being sure to get some from deep inside the pile.  I'll mix that 1:1 with potting mix containing fertilizer and put it in pots.  Then, I'll plant some sensitive plants, such as beans or peas and see how they do.  If they germinate and grow at least three sets of true leaves that are normal, the manure is not likely to be contaminated.

To deal with the damage that's already done, I'll pull out and destroy all the affected plants.  Then, I'll keep the soil tilled and moist throughout the summer.  The more exposure to air, light, moisture, and heat, the quicker the herbicide will dissipate. Later this fall, I'll plant an annual grass cover crop that is not sensitive to the pyridine herbicides and till that in before it goes to seed.  These actions will help remove the herbicide from my garden soil, but I will need to test using the pot bioassay method before planting vegetables again.

It may be a few years before I am able to use that garden spot again.  Thankfully, we still have one unused acre for a new vegetable garden.   But, you might run into me at the Farmer's Market this year.

Busy Times At Wiese Acres

Gosh, after a very late start because spring just couldn't make up its mind to get here, things have been going just about non-stop to get ready for the summer season here at Wiese Acres.  I've had time to think about writing more blog installments, but no time to do anything about it.  We are getting close to the point where it will be "maintenance" rather than spring re-building, so I'm taking advantage of a little down time.

I've been pleasantly surprised that winter kill was not as bad as I feared it would be after our very cold, very long, and quite dry winter.  Winter can take a big toll on plants if it is too warm, too cold, or with a lot of freeze and thaw cycles.  We can get any one of those in a normal winter, or we can get all three of them thrown into the months between October and May.

This year, it was primarily too cold, coupled with minimal snow cover.  We are officially in USDA hardiness zone 4 in this area.  This winter's temperatures were much closer to zone 3 temperatures.  Thankfully, the thick foliage left over from last summer's growth in the gardens, held what little snow we did have and protected many of my plants.  I even found my zone 5 helleborus poking its brave head out with a beautiful yellow flower.  But, there were some things that didn't make it.

I hauled the remains of both of my peach trees to the compost pile yesterday.  Both Reliance and Contender peach varieties are hardy to zone 4.  They clearly didn't appreciate the long periods of negative 30 temperatures, however.  I also lost a Sungold apricot that had managed to survive 10 previous winters, but apparently it said "I'm out of here if they are going to treat me like this".   That is a big tree, so it will take some digging to get that removed from the orchard.  Those losses, in addition to the loss of the plum, pear and apple trees in that October snow, left the orchard looking pretty bare.

Some hostas I thought were lost have finally begun tentatively showing some new growth, almost a full month after they normally would be coming back to life.  And, of course, there were a few things that I wished would not have made it through the winter that did - and they invited all their relatives to camp out in my garden, too.  I hauled four wheelbarrows full of campanula (Canterbury bells), saponaria (Soapwort), and valeriana (Valerian) out of the Woodland Fairy garden.  The campanula and saponaria spread by rhizomes and they were very close to taking over the entire garden area this year.  The valeriana spreads by seed and even though I destroyed the parent plant several years ago, every year I deal with an abundance of valeriana seedlings in all of my gardens.  No matter how beautiful those three plants are, once I finally succeed in getting rid of them, I will never invite them back!

We've also spent a fair amount of time continuing clean-up from the October snow storm that damaged so many trees.  Some that were weakened, but not destroyed in the storm, were further damaged by days and days of extreme winds over the winter.  Now, those weakened limbs have snapped off or are ready to snap off, so they need to come down.

That storm also left us with the pond that was damaged when a tree broke off and came down into the pond, poking holes in the liner.  I'll write more about the process of re-building the pond in future blogs.

Large Sun Garden Design